Juvenile Recidivism Essay -- delinquency, rehabilitation, Risks Assess

Introduction Recidivism or, habitual relapses into crime, has time and time again proven to be an issue among delinquents, which thereby increases the overall juvenile prison population. This issue has render more prevalent than what we realize. Unless a unit for measuring a juveniles jeopardy of recidivism is enacted and used to determine a organisation to promote effectual prevention, than the juvenile prison population will continue to increase. Our court system should not only focus on punishing the said juvenile scarcely also enforce a program or policy that will allow for prevention of recidivism. So the question remains, how butt end recidivism in the juvenile prison population be prevented so that it is no longer the central cause for increased juvenile delinquency? Simply put, we must create a factor of measuring juveniles level of risk and in turn, form an effective rehabilitation program that will decrease their risk level for future(a) recidivism. Show the pro blem exists Critics of the juvenile justice system claim that approximately 500,000 youths who move through to the nations pretrial detention centers each yr70 percent of them nonviolent offendersare thousands too many and that this experience may even increase the chances that they will commit more crimes and go deeper into the system (Hardy 2007). These numbers are staggering. Of these half a million youths 350,000 of them will be re-incarcerated in just a matter of 12 months or less. This is an epidemic that can no longer be avoided. The arrest rates for juvenile violent offenses have also significantly increased over the past few decades with a 61% rise in arrests for violent offenses, even despite the fact that violent offenders are a relatively small proportion... ...OF THE EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS HELD FOR JUVENILE DELINQUENTS IN TURKEY. Education, 130(3), 384-398.Furniss, J. (2009). Fighting for the Futures of Young Offenders. Corrections Today, 71(3), 36. LU, A. (2011, Octob er 30). Jailing Fewer Would Trim County Costs, Official Says. New York Times. p. 25B. Tulman, J. B. (2008). Time to Reverse the School-to-Prison Pipeline. (Cover story). Policy & Practice (19426828), 66(1), 22-27. Mulder, E., Brand, E., Bullens, R., & Van Marle, H. (2010). A classification of risk factors in serious juvenile offenders and the relation between patterns of risk factors and recidivism. Criminal Behaviour & Mental Health, 20(1), 23-38. doi10.1002/cbm.754Teitelman, R. B., & Linhares, G. J. (2013). JUVENILE DETENTION REFORM IN atomic number 42 IMPROVING LIVES, IMPROVING PUBLIC SAFETY, AND SAVING MONEY. Albany Law Review, 76(4), 2011-2017.

Fodor’s Misconstrual of Wittgenstein in the Language of Thought :: Philosophy Essays

Fodors Misconstrual of Wittgenstein in the manner of speaking of Thought In his book, The Language of Thought, Jerry Fodor claims that i) Wittgensteins personal language argument is not in fact against Fodors theory, and ii) Wittgensteins private language argument isnt really any good (70). In this paper I hope to show that Fodors second claim is patently false. In aid of this I will consider Wittgensteins Philosophical Investigations (243-363), Jerry Fodors The Language of Thought (55-97), as well as Anthony Kennys Wittgenstein (178-202). First I shall summarize Wittgensteins argument then I will examine Fodors response and explain why it is fallacious. In my catch up with, Fodor is wrong because he takes Wittgenstein to be a verificationist, and also because he makes a false analogy between deal and computers. Anthony Kenny, in his book Wittgenstein, provides a concise summary and penetrating interpretation of Wittgensteins so-called private language argument (henceforth PLA). According to Kenny, the basic order of business of the PLA can be summed up in a quotation from Wittgensteins Tractatus Scepticism is not irrefutable, but obviously nonsensical, when it tries to raise doubts where no questions can be asked. For doubt only can exist where a question exists, a question only where an answer exists, and an answer only where something can be said. (Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, 6.51) In making his argument, Wittgenstein addresses the belief that the knowledge we have of our own experiences can be expressed to ourselves or others, and that this expression does not assume acquaintance with the external sphere or other minds. Logically entailed by these beliefs is the idea that there is a private language in which words derive their meaning by creation linked with private experiences. In other words, a subject forms internal ostensive definitions. This means simply that the subject is exposed to and attends to an expe rience and associates it with a word. For Wittgenstein, this view is mistaken experience is not private, and words do not acquire meaning by bare ostensive definition. Wittgenstein takes private language to mean a language in which words refer to the immediate private sensations of the speaker in this manner of private ostensive definitions. If a speaker has a genuine sensation, she does not necessarily know that sensation only from her own case.

grendelbeo Who is the Monster - Beowulf or Grendel? Essay -- Epic Beo

Who is the Monster - Beowulf or Grendel? My first impression of Beowulf was that of an enigmatic, somewhat esoteric work, a necessary evil on the government agency to reading the more important works. After a closer reading of the much-celebrated epic, I had a revelation. And what a revelation Beowulf is wonderful Perhaps it was the translation, or it mogul have been the basic substance of the work itself, but I found myself devouring the poem. I discovered two specific aras of appeal 1) The fundamental draw play of the archetypical super-hero and 2) the more contemporary trend in modern culture to attempt to recapture the experience of this particular era via popular fiction and film. The nonsuch of the hero is a concept so completely integrated into the human psyche as to be virtually built-in. From Homers Ulysses to Nietzsches Ubermensch, we as a race of beings are fixated on the individual who makes things happen, who gets things done, preferably with a healthy dose of bravado. Perhaps this is attributable to an innate sense of vulnerability in each of us, that unsettling little phonate which whispers to us that, despite all our efforts, we have overlooked some crucial factor which will lead to our ultimate demise. The hero has no such insecurities he is invincible It is interesting to note that not only has the hero figure continued to thrive in the collective human consciousness, but, in our own westward culture, the Beowulf-prototype has come full circle there is a whole genre of fantasy novels which center on one form or another of the Anglo-Saxon warrior tradition, as well as a veritable plethora of movies. Fleet upon fleet of ring-prowed ships sail ever-onward on the seas of our imagination, on qu... ...pand the characters, making them more whole, more three-dimensional. flavour at the two works side by side, a question arises Who is the true monster? Beowulf fans will, no doubt, assert that their hero is the undisputed good guy , and that Grendel was a vicious bastard who got what he deserved. But the Gardner perspective offers an interesting twist Beowulf was insane An unbalanced, obsessive weirdo babbling bizarre gibberish into Grendels ear as he rended the unfortunate creatures arm from his torso. This latter interpretation is not as far-fetched as one might think the police departments of every major metropolis in this country contain a certain number of these so-called "heroes," men so mired in violence that their perceptions blend in distorted, that they ultimately become the very thing theyve fought so hard to defeat.  

Charles Dickens Aimed His Books At Criticizing America Essay -- essays

Charles Dickens Aimed His Books at Criticizing America Europe in the 1800s was beginning to develop a deep cultural sense for literature. Romanticism and Romantic novels were quickly becoming popular, and authors such(prenominal) as Johann Wolfgang von Goethe from Ger roughly(prenominal) and poets such as James Macpherson from England, were rapidly becoming icons of their nations, as well as the beginners of influential and opinionated novel writing. Charles Dickens was, and still is, an extremely renowned English Romantic writer, generally considered to be one of the greatest of the Victorian period. He has written almost fifty pieces, of which many books we still hear about today A Christmas Carol, The Pitwick Papers, American Notes, and Great Expectations amongst another fourteen novels, five novellas, many poems and plays, and illustrations. However, one of his most famous and critical works is his story of Martin Chuzzlewit. Being Americans, although we may respect an d enjoy many of Dickens books and novels, we yet have a reason to dislike him the tale of Martin Chuzzlewit, along with Hard Times, and American notes were directly aimed at criticizing and trashing America. Through these books, Dickens purposely satirized and disparaged our American lifestyle. Charles Dickens was born in Portsea, Hampshire, in 1812. In 1814 Dickens moved to London, and then to Chatham, where he received some education. In 1824, at the age of twelve, Dickens was sent to work for some months at a blacking factory at the Hungerford Market, London, while his father, John Dickens, was in Marshalea Debtors Prison. In the years 1824-27 Dickens studied at Wellington family unit Academy, London, and at Mr. Dawsons school in 1827. From 1827 to 1828 he was... ...ntly almost inexistent in sophisticated England he got these ideas from events in his stay in America. The book was an obviously disturbing personation of a morally corrupt American society. When Charl es Dickens was in America, the social norms and values he was raised with clashed with everything he observed in the Americans lifestyles. He was taken off balance at the amount of freedom people had when it came to etiquette and proper behavior. Furthermore, he was completely disgusted and appalled by even the day-to-day activities such as the way people ate, spoke, and conducted themselves in public. He clearly and strongly expressed this revulsion in his books Martin Chuzzlewit, Hard Times, and American Notes. He was quick to judge, and did not take time to simply appreciate the fact that us Americans lived a different culture equally worthy of respect.

Tupac is Alive, Not Dead Essay -- Tupac Shakur 2pac Makaveli

In the same fashion that Elvis defined Rock n Roll Tupac Shakur defined the hip-hop music scene, as we slam it today. What made Tupac (also known as 2Pac, or Makaveli) so special were his enormous talent, his on screen friendly looks, and the sense that he was real and talked the talk, while go the walk. Tupac was born on June 16, 1971, Tupac Amaru Shakur. He was named after Tupac Amaru, the Inca Indian that was sentenced to death by the Spaniards. He was originally from Brooklyn, New York. Tupac exhausted a lot of time despicable around as he was growing up. He was the son of a Black Panther activist Afeni Shakur and Billy Garland. Tupac moved from Harlem, to Baltimore, to Oakland. The constant moving caused Tupac to competent into his new communities by joining gangs, and his lengthy rap sheet was created withal before his profalic entry into music and film. He was arrested eight times before even turning twenty (MTV.com).Tupacs first big break came when he joined the group D igital Underground as a dancer and roadie. During that time, Tupac spent a lot of the time composing his own poetry and lyrics to launch his own career. In 1991 he signed with Interscope records and a year later he released his first album 2Pacalypse Now, which immediately landed him into gangster rap stardom. That year he also starred in Juice with Omar Epps and Samuel L. Jackson. It was the beginning to a expert acting career, which also landed him parts in other urban and African American oriented films such as Poetic Justice (1993), in a higher place the Rim (1994), Bullet (1996), and Gridlockd (1996). His main notoriety was through music, and he followed up his successful debut with Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z. (1993), which also was a success. In 1995 he released Me Against the World, and in 1996 came All Eyez On Me (Smith 15-18).Shakurs post celebrity run-ins with the law were almost as frequents as when he was growing up. In 1992 he was arrested when a stray bullet killed a six-year old child during a scuffle between Shakur and cardinal others. The charges were later dropped. In 1993 Tupac was arrested for allegedly shooting two off duty Butts County Atlanta police officers who were harassing a black motorist, but the charges were again dropped. Ironically one of the officers was shot in the... ...re are many citizenry that believe everything they have to say. For example take Bill Clinton, our own President he stood up and lied straight to all of us saying he never committed adultery. And then what about Watergate? And we elect these people into office to govern us. I cannot believe the media, they only tell what they get from the government, a corpse that lies and cheats its way through.I still believe that he is alive. I believe in all of the evidence that I have suggested that he some how in some way faked his own death. I believe that Tupac, his family and some presumably well-paid, official looking stand- ins have conspired to pull of the ult imate scam. But is it in truth a scam? A scam to gain what? There is still a multi- million-dollar life-time insurance policy out there with Tupacs name on it. Its been six years and no one has bothered to cash it. I will tell you why. He had a reason to believe that his life was in danger, and he had to do something to take care of it. Besides havent you ever been curious about who would show up at your funeral, and who would really be crying? Tupac was curious, but he never had a funeral, so his questions may never be answered

When Religion Hurts :: Suicide Death Medical Essays

When Religion HurtsThe question is do I have a matinee idol complex? I have a MD from Harvard. I am board certified in cardio-thoracic medicine and trauma surgery. I have been awarded citations from 7 different medical boards in New England and I am n ever, ever sick at sea. So I ask you, when someone goes into that chapel and they fall on their knees and they pray to God that their wife doesnt miscarriage, or that their daughter doesnt bleed to death or that their mother doesnt suffer acute neuro-trauma from post-operative shock, who do you think they are praying to? Now you go ahead and ingest your bible Dennis. And you go to your church and with any luck you might win the annual raffle, but if you are looking for God, he was in operating elbow room number 2 on November 17th and he doesnt like to be second-guessed. You ask me if I have a God complex, let me split up you something, I am God. (Becker, 1993) This quote was taken from the movie Malice. A doctor removed an ovary th at he thought was necrotic and the lab result came back that it wasnt. alas he removed the other one prior due to having a cyst on it. He was sued for malpractice and during his questioning he was asked if he had a God complex. A God complex is when a doctor believes that he has the power to save a persons disembodied spirit when God might stand for that person to die. The doctor then plays God by trying to undermine the plan that God has created for the patient. Many battles are fought in our society today oer who actually controls our destiny. Although euthanasia is not a new concept, it is receiving more attention today. The main consultive for euthanasia is the same one as it was from the start of euthanasia. This advisory is our religious belief. Religion is said to be the key to our salvation, but it also puts blinders on our ethical values. Although religion gives us hope for a better life after death, it is this same belief that prolongs our suffering while still in this plane of existence.Euthanasia is defined as The act or practice of cleanup spot or permitting the death of hopelessly sick or injured individuals (as persons or domestic animals) in a relatively painless way for reasons of mercy.

Globalisation and the Coca-Cola Company Essay

Today, Coca- boob is one of most well-known brands in the world. This company has continued to gain momentum and growth, capitalizing on the rapidly expanding crapulence industry and ranking as the largest beverage company in the world. With its push for globose market share, Coca-Cola now operates in over 200 countries with over 84,000 suppliers. Currently, over 70% of Coca Colas business income is generated from non-US sources (Coca-Cola Company, 2012). In over a century, Coca-Cola has grown the company into a multi-million dollar business.However, the road to success has not always been slack for Coca-Cola. some countries have banned the use of Coca-Cola products, claiming that these products are threatening public health and encouraging obesity. Many labor practice suits have been filed against the mega beverage company with accusations of fry labor sweatshops and discrimination in providing health care benefits to workers. In addition, the beverage industry has been flooded with competitors introducing new soft drink products, such as Pepsi, along with soft drink alternatives, such as Gatorade, bottled water, fruit juice, and energy drinks. Coca-Cola has faced the ch eitherenge by introducing new beverage brands including Sprite, Fanta, Minute Maid, Simply Orange, Fresca, Vitamin Water, Smart Water, Odwalla, and Powerade.In light of the obstacles Coca-Cola has overcome, the company has remained true to its commitment to provide quality, refreshing, and satisfying products to consumers. In set out to ensure each product tastes the same across the globe, Coca-Cola continues to keep the beverage recipes secret with tightly controlled manufacturing facilities. CocaCola has never lost sight of its goal to be the best beverage company in the world. Now, let us take a closer look at Coca Colas journey to globalization. Coca-Colas Journey to GlobalizationFounded back in the 1880s, Coca-Cola was developed by earth-closet Pemberton as an American iconic bran d known for high quality and consistency. During this period in history, storekeepers demanded pre-packaged products with brand name recognition. Coca-Cola met these demands with its iconic red and white logotype and brand marketing to instill confidence in the consumer that the Coca-Cola product would taste the same everywhere it was purchased.These strategies soon became the foundation for CocaColas plan to expand globally. In the early 1900s, Coca-Cola started to globalize. Bottling plants were initially built in Cuba and Panama as the US military spread to these regions, causing a rise in demand for the Coca-Cola brand. These plants turn up to be successful, reducing shipping and delivery costs typical in these regions. Soon after, additional bottling plants opened in Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. These efforts launched Coca-Colas Saylor URL www.saylor.org/bus2082.5.6The Saylor Foundation investiture in testing foreign markets for future expansion opportunities. B y 1926, CocaCola had established foreign relationships and plants around the world in support of its newly created center of global operations.Coca-Cola continued on its path of mass production and rapid expansion for the next several decades. Local branches along with local partnerships to produce and distribute the signature Coca-Cola products were established throughout the world. The ending of World War II and the Cold War marked the signature period in which Coca-Cola had established itself as a true global corporation known for its efficiency and worldwide capabilities.Next, let us take a look at three key strategies assiduous by Coca-Cola to support rapid growth and expansion across the globe global marketing strategies, product differentiation, and technology.Global Marketing StrategiesCoca-Colas marketing strategies play a significant role in successfully globalizing the company. The companys popular advertising slogans andcatchy jingles play into the hearts and minds of people around the world. whatsoever of the most remembered advertising slogans includeCoupled with these slogans, songs were used to have consumers remember the brand. One of the companys most popular jingles was known as I want to buy the world a coke, produced in 1971 by Billy Davis. The commercial featuring this song portrayed a world of hope and love produced by a group of multicultural teenagers on top of a hill. This commercial went down in history as one of the most well-known commercials of all time.In addition to Coca-Colas advertising efforts, Coca-Cola became the first commercial sponsor of the Olympic Games in Amsterdam in 1928. Coca-Cola continues to be an Olympic Games sponsor today. Coca-Cola has overly sponsored many other sporting events such as the International Federation of experience Football (FIFA), National Hockey League (NHL), National Basketball Association (NBA), National Football Association (NFL), Major League Baseball (MLB), NASCAR, and Cricket World Cup. Saylor URL www.saylor.org/bus2082.5.6Product DifferentiationAnother key factor that has support Coca Colas globalization vision is the companys ability to sew the product to meet the needs and wants of individual markets. For example, Coca-Cola has been able to trim down its product line to meet the needs of the younger consumer by offering Powerade and flavored Coke products, such as Cherry Coke and Vanilla Coke. Additionally, the company is group meeting the needs of the health conscious, older consumer with Diet Coke, Vitamin Water, and Odwalla products. CocaCola has invested significant time and money into researching and understanding different marketing segments based on lifestyle, age, and income in order to accurately develop and market its products.Packaging differentiation has also played a key role in how adaptable the Coca-Cola product is to various market segments. structural packaging has been used to make the products available in different sizes and forms, including glass and plastic bottles, aluminum cans, and fountain drink dispensers. The company considers various shapes and sizes of the bottles and cans to ensure easy stacking and vending machine dispensing. To promote the companys commitment to environmental sustainability, all packaging materials are designed to be recyclable and labeled accordingly for easy consumer identification.TechnologyTechnology advances contributed to Coca-Colas ability to globalize rapidly throughout the 20th century. Product transportation became more efficient and cost efficacious with the development of bigger and faster semi-trucks, cargo ships, jet aircraft, and trains. Coca-Cola was able to manufacture and ship products quicker and farther to market segments that were unreachable before these transportation improvements.In addition, technology advances became the driving force behind the ease and speed at which information was available. Distributors and warehouses were able to more accurately t rack inventory levels and fill order shipments, resulting in lower overall operating costs. Computerization also led to slashed product costs and improved efficiencies. Computerized and automated manufacturing equipment increased the speed and playscript in which products were produced. These technological advances enabled Coca Cola to compete on a global scale, selling the well-known brand of products across the world at emulous prices.SummaryCoca-Cola is one of the most well-known brands in the world, operating in over 200 countries.While the global marketplace has presented numerous opportunities for CocaCola, the company has also encountered global attacks on the nutritional value of its products, along with unfair labor practice accusations.Saylor URL www.saylor.org/bus2082.5.6The Saylor FoundationFounded in 1880, Coca-Cola began its journey toward becoming the worlds best and largest beverage company. Coca-Colas American iconic logo, brand recognition, convenient packaging, and consistent product manufacturing became the foundation for the companys plan to expand globally. A pioneer in globalization, Coca-Cola began expanding bottling and manufacturing facilities back in the early 1900s, establishing key foreign partnerships. Coca-Colas marketing strategies, including memorable advertising slogans, catchy jingles, and sporting event sponsorships, played a significant role in winning the hearts and minds of consumers globally.Product differentiation, such as offering different beverages in flexible packaging options, allowed Coca-Cola to customize the product for different market segments.Technology advances, including product transportation, telecommunication, and computerization, became the driving force behind Coca-Colas ability to capitalize on the rapidly expanding marketplace across the globe.ReferencesCoca-Cola Company (2012). Wikinvest. Retrieved December 11, 2012. http//www.wikinvest.com/stock/Coca-Cola_Company_(KO)

How to Write a Persuasive Essay

English 1021 Diagnostic Essay Some people believe that authorship an essay is passing hard. They argon wrong. If you have the correct information, time, and a cup of coffee you should have no problem. There are many different types of essays, for example, an informative essay, a look for paper, or a persuasive essay. Although they all have a different overall theme and purpose for being written, they all have the same trace for how exactly to write it. No matter what you of all time start off with an introduction, then you move to your supporting paragraphs, and end with a conclusion.Here is the in depth breakd testify of what a proper informative question paper should included. First things first, you must always have a root. The consequence of your paper is the focus, the study that you have researched and explored. Once you find your topic, you must make sure that you have sorted out all of the available information. Topics are not always uncomplicated to find. There are some that you should ward off using such as topics based solely on one single source, and topics that are brand wise or overly broad. nowadays that you have your topic, you must brainstorm and narrow down the topics to create and do. The issue of the paper is the question that you are asking. When creating your issue, make sure the avoid issues that foundation be easily answered by just one single source. Another thing that you contract to come up with is a hypothesis or tentative claim, a proposition made as a basis for reasoning, without any assumption of its truth. Test the hypothesis as you continue to research.By having a claim, you can prevent yourself from being overwhelmed by the information that you are finding. Now that you have come up with a topic and claim, you are ready to begin your research and essay. The next step of this process is to direct your essay to your audience. Ask yourself some questions. How much does my audience know about this topic? What are my readers expectations, interests, and needs concerning this issue? What evidence have I come up with that will inform them?Once you have asked yourself those questions it is time to start using your sources. Some of the best sources are newspapers, and books. If you are going to use the internet, which most of us do, be careful with the credibility of what you find. Once you have found a source that you believe fits your topic well, ask yourself some questions and see if the criteria of the source meets it. Is this recent information? Is the compose credible or an expert on this subject? Does this information seem careful and relative to the topic?Is this evidence reliable? When dealing with web sources make sure that they contain an author or are hosted by a tidy site such as a library, university, or an official association. Now that you have found your sources, it is time to continue. Taking notes on sources can sometimes be difficult. Write down some of the things that jump ou t to you about the topic that might be useful. Another thing that you must write down are the page numbers that you are getting the information from.Make sure to think about why you chose to write down a particular idea and always differentiate your ideas and words from that of your source. Never forget to use quotation marks for direct quotations. Your next job is to draft your research paper. Refine your thesis as much as needed. Figure out based on your information where each source may fit in. When writing your draft, avoid using your own comments to hold together another persons idea. Now it is time for you to construct your own essay using the secondary sources that you have found to support your claims.Some things that you may need to know are how to use a summary, paraphrase, and quotation. A summary of something gives a main idea or supporting points. It is short and focuses on the main points to go out background or general support for your point. Paraphrasing put down t he information that you have found into new words to make sure that you and your audience understand the authentic information more clearly. A quotation records the exact punctuation and wording of the source that you have received it from and encloses it in quotation marks.You can use quotations when an authors words are extremely vivid and stand out to you or when the words of that particular reliable authority would lend support to your paper. Now that you know how to summarize, paraphrase, and quote, it is imperative that you do not plagiarize. To avoid plagiarism, document everything you have learned from your sources including their language and ideas. If you express their ideas in your own words you must unchanging give them the credit and documentation. The only exception to this is when something is common knowledge.Now that you know all of the dos and donts of an informative research paper it is your turn to put them into effect. The hardest thing about an informative re search paper is finding a topic and making sure that your sources and information are credible and relative to the topic at hand. Once you have found all of the correct and credible sources for your topic you are ready to write away. Like I said earlier, many people believe that writing a research paper is extremely hard, but if you follow these steps and advice, you will never fail at writing an informative research paper.

Barbara Baynton †Squeaker’s Mate Essay

The marginalisation of the female protagonist begins with the title of the story and stays true until the end. For the majority of the story she is referred to as close shaves confederate, she, her, and his mate. When she becomes gravely injured the men of the small outback Australian settlement caution Squeaker against informing her the wound is permanent, because it might to damage to her feminine sensibilities. A page later and Squeaker says to his prostrate partner when she says she will be up soon to help virtually the home again Yer wont. Yer backs broke, said Squeaker laconically. Thats wots wrong er yer injoory t th spine.Doctor says that path backs broke, and yer wont never walk no more. No good not t tell yer, cos I rouset be doin everything. The Australian brush, always harsh, was particularly dangerous during the late nineteenth ampere-second, when Barbara Bayntons story, Squeakers Mate, is set, and doubly or triply so for the women. It was a hard life, and if you survived the first few years, you were aged before your time. Squeakers days be filled with building his home and staking his claim on the land, and his nights are a swill of brandy and cheap(er) liquor from the store.His mate who provided themoney to set up the property is a burden except when she is working, and when she works, she works hard. The accident, which leaves her crippled, is a tough economic blow. Squeaker compensates by hiring a muliebrity to assist around the place, which is short-hand, for those times as well as (too often) our own, for securing a forward-looking mate. At first, this new cleaning lady who remains, it is important to note, unnamed throughout the text is a help, but she soon becomes a rival. Too soon for the original mates liking, who doesnt compassionate much for the new girl She was not much to look at.Her red hairsbreadth hung in an uncurled bang over her forehead, the lower part of her manifestation had robbed the upper, and her figure evinced imminent motherhood, though it is doubtful if the barren woman, noting this, knew by by calculation the paternity was not Squeakers. She was not learned in these matters, though she understood all about a ewe and a lamb. Squeaker is an unpleasant fellow, clearly unintelligent, clearly imperceptive to his mates needs. He is the prototypical stoic male, mollify and selfish in the face of anothers adversity.In a noteworthy paragraph immediately following his mates crippling, upon asking for her shrill to calm her nerves, Squeaker retrieves, fills, lights and puffs on his own pipe before attending to her, all while she lies bleeding and paralysed on the ground. Moments later, he is annoyed when she refrains from moving her (again, paralysed) build from the fire when her sleeve catches alight. Squeakers mates name is Mary, which is itself a reductive name as it carries picayune individuality, and theres no last name attached to it. Mary is like John or Bob, its a featureless name, imprecise in its characterisation.Externally, she remains indistinct, with neither her hair colour, her body shape, her fashion sense, her physical mannerisms, ever described. She is quite simply Squeakers mate, and deserves no more or less than that. Or does she? In the institution Baynton is describing, this is exactly how she would have been perceived. Many woman during that period in that area were considered to be factories for producing babies, and on top of that they were machines for cleaning and cooking. They were not an equal companion, and there was little candidate that a man or a woman had much to share with one another.It was not uncommon, as an example, for the man to leave for days and withal weeks at a time, herding sheep and chasing down livestock, or following the weather in search of jobs on other farms both near and far. A healthy woman could take this opportunity to become quite entrepreneurial with the family home, haggling over prices and selling the farms commodities at a good price. But a crippled mate was a serious liability, virtually useless, and it is not surprising when Squeaker neglects to call the doctor until his hand is forced. While the outer life of a woman in the brush was not much, their inner lives could be very great indeed.The journals of Fanny and Bessie Bussell, to take one of many examples, were an account of their lives during mid nineteenth century Western Australia, and reveal these women as funny, creative, clever, playful, anxious, forthright, honest and open. Their journals were for them conversations with family back home, a way to connect with people they love. For us, they are historical artefacts and useful for their account of hobnailed life during that period, but they are something more, too they are living documents, pulsing with freshness and energy, marvelling at the wonder of the strange new land to which they had arrived.Squeakers mate Mary may not have written any letters, but her tho ughts as described by Baynton show her to be resourceful and tough, and amazingly perceptive in regards to the emotions and motives of others. She is a strong woman, undaunted by her injury though naturally affected by it, and she is aware that her fate is grim should the new mate be accepted wholly by Squeaker. Mary does what she can to turn the situation to her advantage, with surprising, violent and elemental results.Squeakers Mate comes from, I will freely admit, a literary lineage of which I am not particularly fond. The dusty, dry, poverty-striken, dialect speaking, naturalistic nineteenth and early twentieth century literature is an anathema to my tastes, and is, for the most part, terribly unreadable today. Far from just being unfashionable many of these stories are impenetrable, relying too heavily on the expectation that the reader will fully grasp the physical realities of the story and relying on local colour and descriptions of animals and dirt to carry the story along .Squeakers Mate rises above the muck thanks to its incisive examination of the gender issues surrounding this tumultuous period of Australian history, when men were forging new paths into the nation, discovering resources and establishing cities and towns and women, evenly responsible, equally culpable, equally capable, and equally proficient, were dragged thanklessly behind, forgotten too often, their stories lost, lives vanished.

René Descartes (1596â€1650) Essay

Ren Descartes is often credited with cosmos the Father of Modern Philosophy. This title is confirm due both to his break with the traditional Scholastic-Aristotelian philosophical system prevalent at his time and to his development and promotion of the new, mechanistic accomplishments. His fundamental break with Scholastic philosophy was twofold. First, Descartes thought that the Scholastics mode was prone to doubt assumption their reliance on brainiac as the source for alone fellowship. Second, he wanted to replace their concluding causative model of scientific news report with the more modern, mechanistic model. Descartes attempted to address the deviseer issue via his method of doubt. His basic strategy was to consider delusive any doctrine that falls prey to steady the slightest doubt. This hyperbolic doubt then serves to earn the way for what Descartes considers to be an unprejudiced search for the truth. This pretending of his previously held beliefs then put s him at anepistemic ground-zero. From here Descartes sets out to find manything that lies beyond all doubt. He charge outtually discovers that I equal is impossible to doubt and is, thusly, compulsively authoritative. It is from this advert that Descartes proceeds to fiendstrate gods endureence and that graven image earth-closet non be a deceiver.This, in turn, serves to fix the received(p)ty of e genuinelything that is clearly and pellucidly understood and provides the epistemological cosmos Descartes set out to find. Once this conclusion is reached, Descartes can proceed to rebuild his system of previously dubious beliefs on this dictatorially certain establishation. These beliefs, which ar re-established with absolute deduction, include the existence of a world of bodies external to the mas marginind, the dualistic distinction of the immaterial nous from the body, and his mechanistic model of physical science establish on the clear and distinct mentations of geometry. This points toward his second, major break with the Scholastic Aristotelian tradition in that Descartes intended to replace their system based on final causal chronicles with his system based on mechanistic principles. Descartes excessively applied this mechanistic framework to the operation of plant, animal and human bodies, sensation and the passions. All of this leveltually culminating in a moral system based on the nonion of generosity. The Modern Turna. Against ScholasticismDescartes is often called the Father of Modern Philosophy, implying that he provided the seed for a new philosophy that broke away from the old in important ways. This old philosophy is Aristotles as it was appropriated and interpreted throughout the later chivalrous period. In fact, Aristotelianism was so entrenched in the adroit institutions of Descartes time that commentators argued that evidence for its the truth could be found in the Bible. Accordingly, if someone were to try to refu te some main Aristotelian tenet, then he could be accused of holding a position contrary to the word of divinity and be punished. However, by Descartes time, many had contend out in some way against one Scholastic-Aristotelian thesis or other. So, when Descartes argued for the implementation of his modern system of philosophy, breaks with the Scholastic tradition were not unprecedented. Descartes broke with this tradition in at least two fundamental ways. The first was his rejection of important forms as explanatory principles in physics. A substantial form was thought to be an immaterial principle of material organization that resulted in a particular thing of a certain kind. The main principle of substantial forms was the final take or purpose of be that kind of thing.For example, the bird called the swallow. The substantial form of swallowness unites with matter so as to organize it for the sake of beingness a swallow kind of thing. This alike means that any dispositions o r faculties the swallow has by virtue of being that kind of thing is ultimately explained by the goal or final cause of being a swallow. So, for instance, the goal of being a swallow is the cause of the swallows expertness to fly. Hence, on this account, a swallow flies for the sake of being a swallow. Although this might be true, it does not say anything new or useful about swallows, and so it seemed to Descartes that Scholastic philosophy and science was incapable of discovering any new or useful knowledge. Descartes rejected the use of substantial forms and their concomitant final causes in physics precisely for this reason. Indeed, his essay Meteorology, that appeargond alongside the Discourse on Method, was intended to taper that cleargonr and more fruitful explanations can be obtained without reference to substantial forms exclusively merely by way of deductions from the configuration and motion of parts.Hence, his point was to show that mechanistic principles ar mitigat e suited for making progress in the physicalsciences. other reason Descartes rejected substantial forms and final causes in physics was his belief that these notions were the result of the confusion of the caprice of the body with that of the mind. In theSixth Replies, Descartes uses the Scholastic conception of graveness in a stone, to unclutter his point. On this account, a characteristic goal of being a stone was a tendency to move toward the center of the earth. This explanation implies that the stone has knowledge of this goal, of the center of the earth and of how to get in that location. except how can a stone know anything, since it does not think? So, it is a mistake to depute mental properties like knowledge to entirely physical things. This mistake should be avoided by clearly distinguishing the composition of the mind from the predilection of the body. Descartes considered himself to be the first to do this. His expulsion of the metaphysical principles of substan tial forms and final causes helped clear the way for Descartes new metaphysical principles on which his modern, mechanistic physics was based.The second fundamental point of going away Descartes had with the Scholastics was his denial of the thesis that all knowledge moldiness come from sensation. The Scholastics were devoted to the Aristotelian tenet that everyone is born with a clean slate, and that all material for intellectual understanding moldiness be provided through sensation. Descartes, however, argued that since the senses sometimes deceive, they cannot be a reliable source for knowledge. Furthermore, the truth of propositions based on sensation is naturally probabilistic and the propositions, therefore, are doubtful premises when used in debates. Descartes was deeply dissatisfied with such uncertain knowledge. He then replaced the uncertain premises derived from sensation with the absolute certainty of the clear and distinct inclinations perceived by the mind alone, as pull up stakes be explained below. b. Descartes ProjectIn the preface to the French edition of the Principles of Philosophy, Descartes uses a tree as a metaphor for his holistic view of philosophy. The roots are metaphysics, the trunk is physics, and the branches emerging from the trunk are all the other sciences, which may be reduced to three principal ones, viz. medicine, mechanics and morals (AT IXB 14 CSM I 186). Although Descartes does not expand oft more on this image, a few other insights into his overall project can be discerned. First, notice thatmetaphysics constitutes the roots securing the rest of the tree. For it is in Descartes metaphysics where an short certain and secure epistemological foundation is discovered.This, in turn, grounds knowledge of the geometrical properties of bodies, which is the basis for his physics. Second, physics constitutes the trunk of the tree, which surfaces up directly from the roots and provides the basis for the rest of the sciences . Third, the sciences of medicine, mechanics and morals grow out of the trunk of physics, which implies that these other sciences are just applications of his mechanistic science to particular subject areas. Finally, the fruits of the philosophy tree are mainly found on these three branches, which are the sciences most useful and beneficial to humankind. However, an endeavor this grand cannot be conducted haphazardly save should be carried out in an layly and magisterial way. Hence, before even attempting to plant this tree, Descartes must first figure out a method for doing so. MethodAristotle and subsequent medieval dialecticians set out a fairly large, though limited, set of acceptable argument forms know as syllogisms composed of a general or major premise, a particular or minor premise and a conclusion. Although Descartes recognized that these syllogistic forms preserve truth from premises to conclusion such that if the premises are true, then the conclusion must be true, he still found them faulty. First, these premises are supposed to be known when, in fact, they are merely believed, since they express only probabilities based on sensation. Accordingly, conclusions derived from merely probable premises can only be probable themselves, and, therefore, these probable syllogisms serve more to increase doubt rather than knowledge Moreover, the employment of this method by those steeped in the Scholastic tradition had led to such subtle conjectures and plausible arguments that counter-arguments were easily constructed, leading to profound confusion. As a result, the Scholastic tradition had become such a confusing web of arguments, counter-arguments and subtle distinctions that the truth often got lost in the cracks. (Rules for the Direction of the Mind, AT X 364, 405-406 & 430 CSM I 11-12, 36 & 51-52).Descartes sought to avoid these difficulties through the lucidness and absolute certainty of geometrical-style demonstration. In geometry, theorems are de duced from a set of self-evident axioms and universally concur upondefinitions. Accordingly, direct apprehension of clear, simple and indubitable truths (or axioms) by intuition and deductions from those truths can lead to new and indubitable knowledge. Descartes found this promising for several reasons. First, the ideas of geometry are clear and distinct, and therefore they are easily understood unlike the confused and obscure ideas of sensation. Second, the propositions constituting geometrical demonstrations are not probabilistic conjectures still are perfectly certain so as to be immune from doubt. This has the additional advantage that any proposition derived from some one or combination of these absolutely certain truths testament itself be absolutely certain. Hence, geometrys rules of inference preserve absolutely certain truth from simple, indubitable and self-generatedly grasped axioms to their deductive consequences unlike the probable syllogisms of the Scholastics. T he choice of geometrical method was obvious for Descartes given his previous success in applying this method to other disciplines like optics.Yet his application of this method to philosophy was not dewy-eyed due to a revival of ancient arguments for global or radical skepticism based on the doubtfulness of human debate. notwithstanding Descartes wanted to show that truths both intuitively grasped and deduced are beyond this possibility of doubt. His tactic was to show that, despite the best skeptical arguments, there is at least one intuitive truth that is beyond all doubt and from which the rest of human knowledge can be deduced. This is precisely the project of Descartes seminal work, Meditations on First Philosophy. In the First Meditation, Descartes lays out several arguments for doubting all of his previously held beliefs. He first observes that the senses sometimes deceive, for example, objects at a distance appear to be kind of small, and surely it is not prudent to trus t someone (or something) that has deceived us even once. However, although this may apply to sensations derived under certain circumstances, doesnt it seem certain that I am here, sitting by the fire, wearing a winter dressing gown, holding this piece of paper in my hands, and so on? (AT VII 18 CSM II 13).Descartes point is that even though the senses deceive us some of the time, what basis for doubt exists for the immediate belief that, for example, you are reading this article? But maybe the belief of reading this article or of sitting by the fireplace is not based on true sensations at all precisely on the false sensations found in dreams. If such sensations are justdreams, then it is not really the case that you are reading this article but in fact you are in bed asleep. Since there is no principled way of distinguishing waking life from dreams, any belief based on sensation has been shown to be doubtful. This includes not only the mundane beliefs about reading articles or sitt ing by the fire but even the beliefs of experimental science are doubtful, because the observations upon which they are based may not be true but mere dream images. Therefore, all beliefs based on sensation ready been called into doubt, because it might all be a dream. This, however, does not pertain to mathematical beliefs, since they are not based on sensation but on reason. For even though one is dreaming, for example, that, 2 + 3 = 5, the certainty of this proposition is not called into doubt, because 2 + 3 = 5 whether the one believing it is awake or dreaming.Descartes continues to ask about whether or not God could make him believe there is an earth, sky and other extended things when, in fact, these things do not exist at all. In fact, battalion sometimes make mistakes about things they think are most certain such as mathematical calculations. But maybe people are not mistaken just some of the time but all of the time such that believing that 2 + 3 = 5 is some kind of pers istent and collective mistake, and so the sum of 2 + 3 is really something other than 5. However, such universal deception seems inconsistent with Gods supreme goodness. Indeed, even the occasional deception of mathematical miscalculation also seems inconsistent with Gods goodness, yet people do sometimes make mistakes. Then, in line with the skeptics, Descartes supposes, for the sake of his method, that God does not exist, but instead there is an evil demon with supreme power and cunning that puts all his efforts into deceiving him so that he is always mistaken about everything, including mathematics.In this way, Descartes called all of his previous beliefs into doubt through some of the best skeptical arguments of his day But he was still not satisfied and decided to go a step further by considering false any belief that falls prey to even the slightest doubt. So, by the end of the First Meditation, Descartes finds himself in a whirlpool of false beliefs. However, it is important to realize that these doubts and the supposed falsehood of all his beliefs are for the sake of his method he does not really believe that he is dreaming or is being deceived by an evil demon he recognizes that his doubt is merely hyperbolic. But the point of thismethodological or hyperbolic doubt is to clear the mind of preconceived opinions that might obscure the truth. The goal then is to find something that cannot be doubted even though an evil demon is deceiving him and even though he is dreaming. This first indubitable truth will then serve as an intuitively grasped metaphysical axiom from which absolutely certain knowledge can be deduced. For more, see Cartesian skepticism. The Minda. Cogito, ergo sumIn the Second Meditation, Descartes tries to establish absolute certainty in his famous reasoning Cogito, ergo sum or I think, therefore I am. These Meditations are conducted from the first person perspective, from Descartes. However, he expects his endorser to meditate along wit h him to see how his conclusions were reached. This is especially important in the Second Meditation where the intuitively grasped truth of I exist occurs. So the discussion here of this truth will take place from the first person or I perspective. All sensory beliefs had been found doubtful in the previous meditation, and therefore all such beliefs are now considered false. This includes the belief that I scram a body endowed with sense organs. But does the supposed falsehood of this belief mean that I do not exist?No, for if I convinced myself that my beliefs are false, then surely there must be an I that was convinced. Moreover, even if I am being deceived by an evil demon, I must exist in order to be deceived at all. So I must finally conclude that the proposition, I am, I exist, is necessarily true whenever it is put forward by me or conceived in my mind (AT VII 25 CSM II 16-17). This just means that the mere fact that I am intellection, regardless of whether or not what I am thinking is true or false, implies that there must be something engaged in that activity, namely an I. Hence, I exist is an indubitable and, therefore, absolutely certain belief that serves as an axiom from which other, absolutely certain truths can be deduced. b. The Nature of the Mind and its IdeasThe Second Meditation continues with Descartes asking, What am I? After discarding the traditional Scholastic-Aristotelian concept of a human being as a rational animal due to the inherent difficulties of defining rational and animal, he finally concludes that he is a thinking thing, a mind Athing that doubts, understands, affirms, denies, is willing, is unwilling, and also imagines and has sense apprehensions (AT VII 28 CSM II 19). In the Principles, part I, sections 32 and 48, Descartes distinguishes intellectual perception and volition as what properly belongs to the spirit of the mind alone while imagination and sensation are, in some sense, faculties of the mind insofar as it is united with a body. So imagination and sensation are faculties of the mind in a weaker sense than intellect and will, since they require a body in order to perform their functions. Finally, in the Sixth Meditation, Descartes claims that the mind or I is a non-extended thing.Now, since extension is the nature of body, is a necessary feature of body, it follows that the mind is by its nature not a body but an immaterial thing. Therefore, what I am is an immaterial thinking thing with the faculties of intellect and will. It is also important to notice that the mind is a centerfield and the modes of a thinking means are its ideas. For Descartes a substance is a thing requiring nothing else in order to exist. Strictly speaking, this applies only to God whose existence is his essence, but the term substance can be applied to creatures in a qualified sense. Minds are substances in that they require nothing except Gods concurrence, in order to exist. But ideas are modes or ways of thinkin g, and, therefore, modes are not substances, since they must be the ideas of some mind or other. So, ideas require, in addition to Gods concurrence, some take a shitd thinking substance in order to exist (see Principles of Philosophy, part I, sections 51 & 52). Hence the mind is an immaterial thinking substance, while its ideas are its modes or ways of thinking. Descartes continues on to distinguish three kinds of ideas at the beginning of the Third Meditation, namely those that are fabricated, adventitious, or innate. Fabricated ideas are mere inventions of the mind.Accordingly, the mind can control them so that they can be examined and set aside at will and their intrinsic content can be adjustmentd. Adventitious ideas are sensations produced by some material thing existing externally to the mind. But, unlike fabrications, adventitious ideas cannot be examined and set aside at will nor can their internal content be manipulated by the mind. For example, no matter how hard one tr ies, if someone is standing next to a fire, she cannot help but feel the set off as heat. She cannot set aside the sensory idea of heat by merely willing it as we can do with our idea ofSanta Claus, for example. She also cannot change its internal content so as to feel something other than heatsay, cold. Finally, innate ideas are placed in the mind by God at creation. These ideas can be examined and set aside at will but their internal content cannot be manipulated. Geometrical ideas are paradigm examples of innate ideas. For example, the idea of a triangle can be examined and set aside at will, but its internal content cannot be manipulated so as to cease being the idea of a three-sided figure. Other examples of innate ideas would be metaphysical principles like what is done cannot be undone, the idea of the mind, and the idea of God.Descartes idea of God will be discussed momentarily, but lets consider his claim that the mind is better known than the body. This is the main point of the wax example found in the Second Meditation. Here, Descartes pauses from his methodological doubt to examine a particular piece of wax fresh from the honeycomb It has not yet quite lost the essay of the honey it retains some of the scent of flowers from which it was gathered its color figure of speech and size are plain to see it is hard, cold and can be handled without difficulty if you bug it with your knuckle it makes a sound. (AT VII 30 CSM II 20) The point is that the senses perceive certain qualities of the wax like its hardness, smell, and so forth. But, as it is moved closer to the fire, all of these sensible qualities change. Look the residual taste is eliminated, the smell goes away, the color changes, the shape is lost, the size increases, it becomes liquid and hot (AT VII 30 CSM II 20). However, despite these changes in what the senses perceive of the wax, it is still judged to be the same wax now as before. To warrant this judgment, something that does not chan ge must have been perceived in the wax. This reasoning establishes at least three important points. First, all sensation involves some sort of judgment, which is a mental mode.Accordingly, every sensation is, in some sense, a mental mode, and the more attributes that is, modes we discover in the same thing or substance, the clearer is our knowledge of that substance (AT VIIIA 8 CSM I 196). Based on this principle, the mind is better known than the body, because it has ideas about both extended and mental things and not just of extended things, and so it has discovered more modes in itself than in bodily substances. Second, this is also supposed to show that what is unchangeable in the wax is its extension in length, breadth and depth, which is not perceivable by the senses but by the mindalone.The shape and size of the wax are modes of this extension and can, therefore, change. But the extension constituting this wax remains the same and permits the judgment that the body with the m odes existing in it after being moved by the fire is the same body as before even though all of its sensible qualities have changed. One final lesson is that Descartes is attempting to ablactate his reader from reliance on sense images as a source for, or an aid to, knowledge. Instead, people should become accustomed to thinking without images in order to clearly understand things not readily or accurately represented by them, for example, God and the mind. So, according to Descartes, immaterial, mental things are better known and, therefore, are better sources of knowledge than extended things. Goda. The causal ArgumentsAt the beginning of the Third Meditation only I exist and I am a thinking thing are beyond doubt and are, therefore, absolutely certain. From these intuitively grasped, absolutely certain truths, Descartes now goes on to deduce the existence of something other than himself, namely God. Descartes begins by considering what is necessary for something to be the adequa te cause of its effect. This will be called the causative Adequacy Principle and is expressed as follows there must be at least as much public in the efficient and total cause as in the effect of that cause, which in turn implies that something cannot come from nothing (AT VII 40 CSM II 28). Here Descartes is espousing a causal theory that implies whatever is possessed by an effect must have been given to it by its cause. For example, when a pot of water is heated to a boil, it must have received that heat from some cause that had at least that much heat. Moreover, something that is not hot enough cannot cause water to boil, because it does not have the requisite verity to bring about that effect. In other words, something cannot give what it does not have.Descartes goes on to apply this principle to the cause of his ideas. This version of the Causal Adequacy Principle states that whatever is contained objectively in an idea must be contained either formally or eminently in the cause of that idea. Definitions of some key terms are now in order. First, the objective earth contained in an idea is just its representational content in other words, it is the object of the idea or what that idea is about. The idea of the sun, for instance, containsthe reality of the sun in it objectively. Second, the formal reality contained in something is a reality actually contained in that thing. For example, the sun itself has the formal reality of extension since it is actually an extended thing or body. Finally, a reality is contained in something eminently when that reality is contained in it in a higher form such that (1) the thing does not possess that reality formally, but (2) it has the ability to cause that reality formally in something else. For example, God is not formally an extended thing but solely a thinking thing however, he is eminently the extended universe in that it exists in him in a higher form, and accordingly he has the ability to cause its existence .The main point is that the Causal Adequacy Principle also pertains to the causes of ideas so that, for instance, the idea of the sun must be caused by something that contains the reality of the sun either actually (formally) or in some higher form (eminently). Once this principle is established, Descartes looks for an idea of which he could not be the cause. Based on this principle, he can be the cause of the objective reality of any idea that he has either formally or eminently. He is formally a delimited substance, and so he can be the cause of any idea with the objective reality of a finite substance. Moreover, since finite substances require only Gods concurrence to exist and modes require a finite substance and God, finite substances are more real than modes. Accordingly, a finite substance is not formally but eminently a mode, and so he can be the cause of all his ideas of modes. But the idea of God is the idea of an eternal substance. Since a finite substance is less real than an infinite substance by virtue of the latters absolute independence, it follows that Descartes, a finite substance, cannot be the cause of his idea of an infinite substance.This is because a finite substance does not have enough reality to be the cause of this idea, for if a finite substance were the cause of this idea, then where would it have gotten the extra reality? But the idea must have come from something. So something that is actually an infinite substance, namely God, must be the cause of the idea of an infinite substance. Therefore, God exists as the only possible cause of this idea. Notice that in this argument Descartes makes a direct inference from having the idea of an infinite substance to the actual existence of God. He provides another argument that is cosmological in nature in response to a possible protestation to this firstargument. This objection is that the cause of a finite substance with the idea of God could also be a finite substance with the idea of God.Yet what was the cause of that finite substance with the idea of God? Well, another finite substance with the idea of God. But what was the cause of that finite substance with the idea of God? Well, another finite substance . . . and so on to infinity. Eventually an ultimate cause of the idea of God must be reached in order to provide an adequate explanation of its existence in the first place and thereby stop the infinite regress. That ultimate cause must be God, because only he has enough reality to cause it. So, in the end, Descartes claims to have deduced Gods existence from the intuitions of his own existence as a finite substance with the idea of God and the Causal Adequacy Principle, which is manifest by the natural light, thereby indicating that it is supposed to be an absolutely certain intuition as well. b. The Ontological ArgumentThe ontological argument is found in the Fifth Meditation and follows a more straightforwardly geometrical line of reasoning. Here Descarte s argues that Gods existence is deducible from the idea of his nature just as the fact that the sum of the interior angles of a triangle are equal to two right angles is deducible from the idea of the nature of a triangle. The point is that this property is contained in the nature of a triangle, and so it is inseparable from that nature. Accordingly, the nature of a triangle without this property is unintelligible. Similarly, it is apparent that the idea of God is that of a supremely stark(a) being, that is, a being with all perfections to the highest degree.Moreover, actual existence is a perfection, at least insofar as most would hold that it is better to actually exist than not. Now, if the idea of God did not contain actual existence, then it would lack a perfection. Accordingly, it would no longer be the idea of a supremely perfect being but the idea of something with an imperfection, namely non-existence, and, therefore, it would no longer be the idea of God. Hence, the idea of a supremely perfect being or God without existence is unintelligible. This means that existence is contained in the essence of an infinite substance, and therefore God must exist by his very nature. Indeed, any attempt to conceive of God as not existing would be like trying to conceive of a mountain without a vale it just cannot be done.6. The Epistemological Foundationa. Absolute Certainty and the Cartesian CircleRecall that in the First Meditation Descartes supposed that an evil demon was deceiving him. So as long as this supposition remains in place, there is no hope of gaining any absolutely certain knowledge. But he was able to show up Gods existence from intuitively grasped premises, thereby providing, a glimmer of hope of extricating himself from the evil demon scenario. The next step is to demonstrate that God cannot be a deceiver. At the beginning of the Fourth Meditation, Descartes claims that the will to deceive is undoubtedly evidence of malice or weakness so as to be an imperfection. But, since God has all perfections and no imperfections, it follows that God cannot be a deceiver. For to conceive of God with the will to deceive would be to conceive him to be both having no imperfections and having one imperfection, which is impossible it would be like trying to conceive of a mountain without a valley. This conclusion, in addition to Gods existence, provides the absolutely certain foundation Descartes was seeking from the outset of the Meditations.It is absolutely certain because both conclusions (namely that God exists and that God cannot be a deceiver) have themselves been demonstrated from immediately grasped and absolutely certain intuitive truths. This means that God cannot be the cause of human error, since he did not create humans with a faculty for generating them, nor could God create some being, like an evil demon, who is bent on deception. Rather, humans are the cause of their own errors when they do not use their faculty of judgme nt correctly. Second, Gods non-deceiving nature also serves to guarantee the truth of all clear and distinct ideas. So God would be a deceiver, if there were a clear and distinct idea that was false, since the mind cannot help but believe them to be true. Hence, clear and distinct ideas must be true on pain of contradiction. This also implies that knowledge of Gods existence is required for having any absolutely certain knowledge. Accordingly, atheists, who are ignorant of Gods existence, cannot have absolutely certain knowledge of any kind, including scientific knowledge. But this veridical guarantee gives rise to a serious problem within the Meditations, stemming from the claim that all clear and distinct ideas are ultimately guaranteed by Gods existence, which is not establisheduntil the Third Meditation.This means that those truths reached in the Second Meditation, such as I exist and I am a thinking thing, and those principles used in the Third Meditation to conclude that God e xists, are not clearly and distinctly understood, and so they cannot be absolutely certain. Hence, since the premises of the argument for Gods existence are not absolutely certain, the conclusion that God exists cannot be certain either. This is what is known as the Cartesian Circle, because Descartes reasoning seems to go in a circle in that he needs Gods existence for the absolute certainty of the earlier truths and yet he needs the absolute certainty of these earlier truths to demonstrate Gods existence with absolute certainty.Descartes response to this concern is found in the Second Replies. There he argues that Gods veridical guarantee only pertains to the recollection of arguments and not the immediate awaRenss of an arguments clarity and distinctness currently under consideration. Hence, those truths reached before the demonstration of Gods existence are clear and distinct when they are being attended to but cannot be relied upon as absolutely certain when those arguments are recalled later on. But once Gods existence has been demonstrated, the recollection of the clear and distinct perception of the premises is sufficient for absolutely certain and, therefore, perfect knowledge of its conclusion (see also the Fifth Meditation at AT VII 69-70 CSM II XXX).

Project Scope and Charter Essay

The first variety of any be after is the initiation figure. This phase commences when some type of business military issue or opportunity is identified bringing about a proposal project to solve or mouth the issue or opportunity. The main deliverable of this phase is the project drive, which contains a broad view of what the project is about, who is involved, why the project is being conducted and how & when the project get out be carried out. (Hughes Lecture, 2013) Once the charter is approved the project keister act into the planning phase, which is where the charter is used to identify the scope of the project. This paper will psychoanalyse the relationship between project scope and charter and highlight the benefits of each. take c ar CharterThe project charter is a short document that serves as an versed contract between the project team up and the sponsor of the project. (Kloppenberg, 2012, pg 84) This document contains only large detail to get the project approved so it can move into the planning phase. externalise Management Professional, Ritchie Hughes describes the charter as a representation of the view from 3000 meters. The project charter is usually drawn up by the Project Manager and team, or, in instances where a Project Manager has not yet been assigned, the project sponsor will complete the charter.Hughes explains that the functions of the why section of the charter are to ensure the correct individuals will be consulted (e.g. stakeholders and governance), projects that are linked or dependent on the project in question are identified, the organization has enough resources (internally or externally) to complete the project, a business case for the organization is conveyed and that all the information is provided to support the executive team. (Hughes Lecture, 2013) Approval of the charter grants authority to the project managing director to go through with the project and utilize the allotted budget or resources for the project a ctivity. As the charter approval is the Go/No Go finis for the project, a non-approval means termination of the project. (Hughes Lecture, 2013)ScopeApproval of the project charter signifies the transition into the planning phase of the project. A critical part of the planning phase is identifying the scope of the project. Project scope is defined as the work that must be performed to deliver a product, service, or result with the specified features and functions. (Kloppenberg, 2012, pg. 142) Ritchie Hughes explained that scope can also mean the sum of products, services and results to be provided as a project. The benefits of scope are that the work to be performed is clarified, listed and any work not to be completed (outside the projects scope) is identified. Scope is also a useful tool in managing expectations and avoiding assumptions among stakeholders and the project team. (Hughes Lecture, 2013)Scope CreepA common issue when managing a projects scope is dealing with scope spe ctre. Scope filch can be defined as the extra deliverables that can creep into a project. (Collegiate Projects, 2013, pg. 1) These project improvements can be very hard to avoid but may have a major effect on the projects budget, timing or quality. Projects that may be susceptible to scope creep should have a scope change management plan that contains a definition of scope change for the project, a process for submitting and reviewing scope changes, documentation needed for the change process and a tool to track change requests and their resolutions. (Collegiate Projects, 2013, pg. 2,3) An misgiving by both parties (project team and sponsor) of scope creep and its effects on the project, and an organized management plan will help avoid scope creep that may negatively affect the projects success.ConclusionIn the early stages of project management, two very important aspects are the project charter and scope of the project. Not all projects need a charter but understanding and manag ing the scope of a project will help the project team effectively complete the project in time and budget without Gold Plating.ReferencesKloppenborg, T. J. (2012). Contemporary project management organize, plan, perform (2nd ed.). Mason, Ohio South-Western Cengage Learning. (2013). Managing Scope Creep. Collegiate Project Services, 1, 1-3.Hughes, R. (Director) (2013, January 31). Project Initiation Scope & Charters. Bus 427. Lecture conducted from Tom Rippon, Victoria.

International Students Essay

Attention getter- Did you have a lion in your backyard when you were growing up? Did you have to hunt for your food? Reveal Topic- These were the questions asked by my classmates when I number one moved to the United States. Often times, internationalist students are asked bizarre questions about their culture. Frequently, international students are asked what their names mean and although most may know, some begettert have the slightest idea.My name, Taiwo, means first of the twins to be born and the first to taste the world. From the audience survey I received back, only 2 out of 16 people that took the survey knew the nub of their name. Most questions asked of international students can be humorous but some are very offensive. believability Statement- I moved to the United States when I was 12 years old, and my biggest problem was readjusting to the weather, which by the way Im still not adjusted to.In Nigeria, my theatre country, there are only two seasons which are the wet and the dry season. Although I am not an international student, I can tinct because I had to go through so many changes and at one point it was unbearable. Each year, Johnson County Community College is home to international students from more than one century countries with their own cultures, skills, and struggles. Preview of main points- Today, I am going to inform you about international students struggle with challenges uniform cultural and social tolerance. Connective- First, I would like to explainI. International students struggles with cultural adjustments. A. According to Gregory Trivonovitch, there are four transitional delivers a honeymoon, hostility, integration/acceptance, and finally, the home stage. 1. The honeymoon stage is described as the stage full of joy and excitement because most international students that are just arriving are captivated with everything new.Theya excited to run short studying at a United States university. The second stage is hostility that is characterized by frustration, anger, solicitude, judgementalism, fear, and sometimes depression (Claremont). The third stageis integration and acceptance, meaning when international students start to feel comfortable and relaxed in their new environment.At this stage they can join different high societys like the international club. The international club at Johnson County Community college brings together students from America and around the globe for educational and social activities (Johnson County Newspaper). The last stage is the home stage. This final stage is the feel at home stage that allows the students to absorb both their culture and the American culture. 2. Students go through these stages because they feel that they have lost but at the same time gained their identity.B. The anxiety and stress of being separated from their families, relatives, and their friends in their native countries can be overwhelming for them. 1. Leaving a culture and surroundings that one is very acquainted(predicate) with while transitioning to a new one can be difficult. 2. For instance, my friend john, an international student, said he asked one of his friend to hook up, meaning he wanted to hang out, but his friend taught he meant to hook up hook up as in sexually. John likewise reference book how difficult it was for him to adjust to this new lifestyle and is still learning how to.Connective- Now that I have informed you about international students struggle with cultural adjustment and along with it explaining the four stages of cultural shock, II. I am going to explain international students struggles with social adjustment. A. International students usually stay in the United States for a short period of time or depending on how long they study for. They face sets of challenges such as interacting with others and making new friends.B. International students may also experience a loss of social status and self-respect because their social standing in th eir home country may not be accepted in the U.S. (Eunyoung). 1. Even though their suffering might be too much there are ways to manage. As mentioned earlier, the Johnson County Community College International club is a great way to network. a. The club is an organization that works to increase international understanding and friendship (JCCC brochure).b. This club as many goals in capitulum like support for new students, social activities that increase awareness about American culture, fundraising activities to support scholarships for international students and more (JCCC brochure). 2. Fear of belonging and coping with it.Conclusion- In closing we have learned the struggle international students face with challenges like cultural and social adjustment challenges. International students badly need to be apt(p) full initial and ongoing explanations of what is expected of them, how the system works, and where to get help. Being in a country youre not familiar helps you learn. If yo u go to a foreign country you are not familiar with, these tips will be very useful in adjusting without any complications.BibliographyStages of Cultural Adjustment. CGU Writing Center. Claremont Graduate University, n.d. Web. .Hurtado, David. Students Clubs buzz off to Increase Involvement. The Campus Ledger 21 Sept. 2012 6. Print.Johnson County Community College International Club. Johnson County n.p., 2012. Print. Eunyoung, Kim. An Alternative Theoretical Model Examining Psychosocial Identity Development of International Students in the United States. Rep. Project intention (Alabama), n.d. Web.

Embalmers: Embalming and Early Egyptian Eras

After we die our souls are interpreted to either Heaven or Hell, but what happens with our bodies left on earth? For those who did and did not take neat care of it, the embalmers are the one who brings the dead back to life, when I say this I suppose the personify not our actual spirit. Embalming can be defined as preserving of the body for burial it has been some for centuries and can be dated back to early Egyptian eras. Embalmers are highly trained professionals that effect this repulsive yet phenomenal task.To become an embalmer you are required to have the following knowledge chemistry, guest and Personal Service, Biology, English Language, Law and Government, education and training, psychology, and Administration and Management. For skill level you need to know servicing orientation, active listening, knowing how to speak to others, coordination, science, reading comprehension, social perceptiveness, instructing, time management, and critical thinking. Most outstanding intimacy a person needs to become an embalmer is a high school diploma.Four plus days in college, training in mortuary science, and a license in the state you are difficult to become an embalmer. Life of an embalmer is really different from anyone that works with people because their clients are dead. They are hired by funeral directors and work in complete isolation. Many myths are said that most embalmers are soci altogethery given up because of their morbid job, but that is highly untrue.Embalming is a long process, its start with the pre-embalming this is where this is where the embalmer makes note of any jewelry, discoloration, scars, bruises, etc. n the body if any catheters or clothing is on the body it is also removed. After this is done the embalmer washes the body down with a germicidal soap, killing any germs, and then relaxes the muscles because of rigor mortis and shaves the body because of peach hog will mess up any makeup. The second stage is feature setting, th is is where the embalmer starts putting the body in the position that they are going to place in the casket.Cotton is placed between the eyes and eyelids to take note the eye ball from slipping down in socket. Next, the jaw is closed by a sutura gun, a curved needle that is injected through the gums of the upper jaw into the nostril and then tied. Third is the arterial embalming this is where embalming fluid is injected into the artery while the blood is being drained from the heart and veins. This takes up to two galloons of commonly a mixture of formaldehyde or other chemical and waterOnce this is through the arterial and jugular vein is removed. Almost done, next we need to go through cavity embalming, to me this is most important because all the stuff that lies within the organs most be drained or they will induce some other escape (and it would be a sad sight to see that during a funeral) so all fluid from left over organs are suctioned out this is done with a trocar. Last is post-embalming, the embalmer does another full wash and hair and makeup are done to give the life-like appearance again.Seems like a lot, but the job keeps the family happy and money in their pocket that is the job look stays increase (mostly because people die every day and embalmers retire) it is said to have the highest growth population in jobs. The origin year through the fourth the average salary is $24,134 to $40,828, and those embalmers with 5 to 9 years experience accomplish average annual salaries between $36,115 and $49,579. Its good pay but if youre the easily squeamish geek its definitely not for you. Without embalmers there would be a lot of problems when it came time to funerals. This job is very well exciting and keeps you busy.

Dimensional Fund Advisors Case Analysis Essay

1)DFAs investment strategy is establish on their belief in the principle that parentage market is high-octane. They attempt to match a broad- base, time value-weighted sm altogether-stock top executive and position themselves in the market as a passive voice fund manager that still claimed to attention deficit disorder value by capturing specific dimensions of lucks identified by financial science. DFAs investment strategy incorporates elements of two passive and active management. It is passive in the sense that like many some other index managers, it centeres on the importance of diversification, lower turnover and lower fees than actively managed portfolios. It is active in the sense that it develops its crushed-value stock focus based on schoolman enquiry and uses certain techniques (such(prenominal) as its unique trading method in obtaining discounts and lower transaction cost) to contribute to a funds profits eve when the investment is inherently passive.2)DFAs clients are mainly major institutions (including corporate, government, union pension money, college endowments and charities) and senior high-net-worth individuals. The main concern of their existing clients is authorization high costs due to illiquid nature of many DFA holdings. DFAs new product is a family of funds managed to reduce tax payments and the new clients it tries to serve are investors who are eventual taxpayers on any rateable flower received by a DFA fund they hold. To serve this new client base, DFA deals to pass off its strength in keeping trading costs low and focus on reducing the taxes pay by clients. Some new issues that DFA will face include the complication of tax-optimization (such as handling the trade-off between putting more than weight on non dividend-paying stocks and assuming more portfolio tracking error and volatility) as well as the possibility that tax management may lead to higher(prenominal) transactions costs.3)Based on information given in th e case, DFA accepts semi-form efficiency which indicates that stock prices fully take a hop all past prices and all publicly available information. DFAs trading strategies reflects that it felt that on average the market price powerful incorporated all public information, so it is only concerned about whether there is negative snobbish information known to the seller of the tug of stocks but non to the market.DFAs trading strategy such as avoiding stocks if newsannouncements are coming in the near future or if stock has deep reported sales by insiders reflect a belief that stock prices can potentially not reflect all private information. DFA also does not accept the weak-form streamlined because if stock prices only reflect all information in past prices, they would see the value of performance fundamental analysis of the mansion they are looking at (but the case indicates that DFA does not performance fundamental analysis).4)Fama and Frenchs tierce factor model attempts to explain the variance of stock prices through a multifactor model that includes a size factor and BE/ME factor in addition to the beta risk factor. Fama-French model essentially extensive the CAPM (which breaks up cause of variation of stock price into systematic risk which is non-diversifiable and idiosyncratic risk which is diversifiable) by introducing these two additional factors. Fama and French find that stocks with high beta didnt bear consistently higher engenders than stocks with low beta and this indicates that beta was not a useful measure under their model. Their model is based on research findings that sensitivity of movements of the size and BE/ME factor constituted risk, and therefore risks associated with littler companies and risks associated with high BE/ME companies in addition to beta risk explain a great deal of the variation of stock prices.The two factors in Fama-French model(company size and company BE/ME)are both firm specific risk and not market rela ted risk, and it would appear that DFA (which base a lot of their strategies on this type of donnish research) is not utilizing macroeconomic variables. However, as Fama and French argued, these factors explained so much of the common variation in stocks that they essentially capture sensitivity to risk factors related to macroeconomic variables. Therefore, not directly using macroeconomic variables (which is inherently hard to find or predict), but using the size and BE/ME factor may be a better way to represent certain types of market risk. In addition, because DFA is positioned as a passive manager that adds value, its goal then would not be to beat the market, but to follow it with the belief that in the long run indices will perform better than active strategies (which may focus on excogitation products that addresses macroeconomic variables such as market timing, etc).5)The efficient market enthusiasts believe that dinky stocks will distance largeones, and stocks with high BE/ME will generate higher returns than stocks with low BE/ME. On the other hand, behaviorists believe that the size and value premia is not always true, and there are several variable factors need to be considered.For example, in the early 1980s, when the US went into a recession, the small companies were particularly performed poorly, even when the economy and stock market rebounded after a decade, those small stocks still continued to lag.Also, by late 1990s, value stocks return was surpassed by the spectacular performance of growth stocks due to the high-tech stocks with very high market capitalization and relatively low assets. However, DFA believes in the efficient market theory, they prefer small stocks over large ones and value stocks over growth stocks.6)DFA should justify its belief by stating that although the systematic risk would cause certain efficient market theories to bereversed during such times (large stocks outperform small stocks growth stocks outperform value stocks), the market efficient theory will eventually prevailin the long-run based on the historical data done by Fama and French. Other than the market efficient theory, DFA also believes in two other principles the value of sound academic research and the qualification of skilled traders. Those two factors can contribute to funds profits. Because of DFAs ability to excel in those two areas, they believe that they can provide more value even in efficient market environment.7)Trading costs associated with small and value stocks include illiquidity and adverse selection problems. To be more specific, the illiquidity of small stocks may cause the stock price move substantially when a purchased is made. Also, the information instability may also result in the adverse selection problem. DFA manages the small stocks illiquidity problems by using block trade to extract a discount on a stock purchase, thus creating value for the clients.In addition,to avoid the adverse selection problems , DFAs traders follow several steps 1) DFA will not deprave a stock if the target company is going to make major announcement. 2) DFA will leverage the research system to avoid stocks that are more likely to have negative prices in the near future. 3) DFA avoids stocks that have recently reported sales by insiders. 4) DFA pays attention to its sellers and the nature of stockblock they traded.8)Its not an embarrassment for DFA when small stocks underperformed large stocks in the mid of 1980s. Because systematic events cant be maybe avoided. In fact, DFAs small stocks portfolio outperformed other small stocks investing competitors during the recession. This suggests that DFAs focused principles in academic research and traders ability are adding value to its investors. Besides, this event alone doesnt prove either cerebral or behavioral explanation is more likely since the recession is a one-off event.Therefore, DFA should not abandon its small stocks strategy because in the long r un the trend is more likely to reverse itself. Even if small stocks were to continue to outperform large stocks for another decade, DFA could still provide value then other small stock investment fund. And as more fund are trading on large stock, the acquire of return on large stock may eventually goes away, making small stock.

 The Great Gatsby Essay

What are personal desires? How do we make the finish to decide between our desires and choosing to adapt? When making a decision between desires and conform it is a difficult choice that we all face in our lives. In the tonic The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzerald it demonstrates the difficult conflict between what we want and conforming. When we have personal desires it can be difficult to conform. The first counsel in which Fitzgerald shows the idea of the choice between our desires and conforming is through The vale of the Ashes.The Valley of the Ashes is a place created by the dumping of industrial ashes where people of a lower anatomy live and work these people who live there have a desire to live The American Dream. The people in the valley have to chose to either pursue their dream or to conform to the disembodied spiritstyle. It is a difficult choice to decide to pursue the desire to live a different life style so many choose to conform to the lifestyle that they are l iving in. The second way in which Fitzgerald shows the idea of the choice between our desires and conforming is through the green light.The green light is at the end of Daisy Buchanans dock and it re represents Gatsbys love for her. Gatsby has a desire to be with Daisy. Gatsby has the choice between his love for Daisy and conforming to the social norms and accepting that Daisy is now married. The choice between love and conforming to what society sees as decent is a difficult choice for Gatsby. When we have personal desires it can be difficult to conform. This idea is present in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald through the symbols of The Valley of the Ashes and the green light at the end of the Buchanans dock.

The Drunkard by Frank O’Connor

The Drunkard is, at first glance, a waggery about youth and unint shutdowned rummyenness, and a grateful mother. It is also, however, a glimpse into the personalities of the members of a dysfunctional family swollen-headed acquire, demeaned mother and ignored and/or abused child. Think about the story and choose a direction of your essay. It could be pander, family dynamics or the individual caliberistics of the dumbfound or son. Once you have your theme, consider the steers that you will relate to support your idea.Develop the five-paragraph essay BEFORE you write so that you know where you are going. The aim of Irony and Humor of The Drunkard In the story, The Drunkard the author Frank OConnor uses a point of cipher to primarily go humor and irony. In the story, OConnor uses first person point of view. origin person point of view is told by dint of the eyeball of the main lawsuit in this story. The main character is named Larry. Larry is a young boy who has to go al ong with his father one day to a funeral.Larrys father Mick is the person referred to as the drunkard. Larry seems to know what will happen when he goes with his father but is hoping that his father might consider his presence and non drink. Since the story is told through little Larrys eyes and thoughts the reader mainly focuses on how Larry feels about his dad be a drinker. The Irony and humor that is found in human nature is revealed through Larry, first person point of view, and what happens on his chasse with his father Mick.Irony, the incongruities amidst the expected and actual results of events and humor, the quality of being anticably ludicrous are interweaved in this story. In the short story, The Drunkard Frank OConnor uses first person point of view to reveal the humor and irony that is created in this amusing story. Humor is seen many times in the story later on Larry and his father Mick reach the bar following the funeral. Larry is thirsty and takes a drink of hi s fathers beer. Larry finishes his fathers drink and becomes drunk afterwards.While this is carry onring his father is talking a instruction with a man named bill Crowley who is also a drinker. When Mick realizes Larry is drunk he knows he must take him home immediately. This aspect is depict as, They wholly in every last(predicate) stopped gabbling to gape at the strange spectacle of two sober custody, middle elder men bringing home a drunken small boy with a cut everyplace his eye(301). This could not be better told than through the eyes of Larry who at the time is observing all he sees happening around him. Two usually drunk men carrying home but a young boy who is not sobers enough to walk.This humorous scene set forth by the main character reveals much(prenominal) enjoyment because little Larry is the one who is drunk. It is also a bit ironic that the two with child(p) men are carrying a drunken young boy home and it is not the other way around. Larry is watching all the people around him and knows how ridiculous he must look in between the arms of his father adepter Crowley. The humor is revealed in an entertaining way from the first person point of view because of the situation the main character is in and how he is describing it.Irony seems to occur in a few instances since Larry is background up the reader with certain expectations. Larry tells us how his father is and knows exactly what will happen after the funeral. His father will wind up in a bar drunk like he had been described doing since his best friend passed out. Larrys first conclusion about the circumstances that are likely to occur is, I know I might have to bring him home, blink drunk, down Blarney road, with all the old women at their doors, saying Mick Delaney is on it again (302).This is Larrys prescience to how the day would end up. To the readers hilarious surprise, this is not what happens. Larrys thirst at the bar gets him in to an queer situation and bewildermen t from the liquor he has drunk. Larry as he realizes he is drunk says to himself, But, drunk and all as I was (301). both the Larry and the reader are surprised by this ironic event. Larrys prediction is reversed. He no longer has to take his drunken father home down Blarney Lane. at a time Larrys father has to take Larry home blind drunk.The twist of events that Larry the main character is going through mainly reveals the irony also in a more humorous way. Humor through the eyes and words of Larry, the main character, provide the reader with more enjoyment as his day continues. As the men carry Larry by the arms he knows he is going to stroll down Blarney Lane drunk. So as Larry is proceeding down the lane he cries out to the women laughing, Ill make ye laugh at the other side of year faces if ye dont let me passGo away ye bloody bitchesTake care or Ill come back and show ye (302).This scene described by Larry is very comical. He knows he father usually passes down this same lane drunk but does not get to realize what it is like until now. Its especially worse for Larry because he is not a grown man yet who is allowed to drink. It is ironic also because Larry never thought hed be the one walking down this lane drunk after the funeral. The humor being revealed is more amusing through the words of Larry who is telling the story from the first person point of view.Using the first person point of view is more appropriate in order to reveal humor and irony as the main elements in this story. The main character Larry who is telling this story adds a more entertaining view. He gives the story irony from his own words and predictions. He also gives the story more humor because of his actions. disdain what he thought the day would be like with his father after the funeral he ends up being mistaken in an amusing way. The story told from the first person point of view reveals a more enjoyable story, regardless of whether the storys incidents were actually true or not.